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Browse 226 streptococcus pneumoniae photos and images available, or search for streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria to find more great photos and pictures. Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Streptococcus Pneumoniae stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures.

Mar 7, 2022 · An intradermal killed S. pneumoniae challenge model causes a local inflammatory response. Healthy volunteers were given intradermal injections of 7.5 × 10 5 UV-killed S. pneumoniae TIGR4 strain ... Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to cause significant disease burden. Whilst pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) have substantially reduced this burden, serotype replacement partially negates ...Introduction. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most commonly identified bacteria causing community-acquired pneumonia [].The pneumocococcal urine antigen test (UAT) is an assay commonly used to identify pneumococcal antigens excreted into the urine to increase the rate of specific microbiological diagnosis over conventional culture methods [2, 3]. ...Streptococcus pneumoniae first colonizes the mucosal surface of the human nasopharynx and can then infect the middle ear cavity via the Eustachian tubes to cause acute otitis media (AOM). In 1994, Weiser et al. reported spontaneous, reversible intrastrain phase variation of pneumococci in colony opacity on transparent agar surfaces ().Transparent variants associated with low levels of capsular ...Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines: conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. They are given by injection either into a muscle or just under the skin.. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of the conjugate ...Penicillin G remains the mainstay of therapy for the treatment of penicillin-susceptible pneumococcal pneumonia. Penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia (minimum inhibitory concentration <4 microg/mL) can be safely treated with adequate betalactams at the right dosage. The new fluoroquinolones are very active and effective in pneumococcal ...The incidence of invasive infections caused by S. pneumoniae in Taiwan is still unknown, although several studies regarding invasive pneumococcal infections in adults and children have been reported (9,13-19).The overall mortality rate (42.5%) for elderly patients (>65 years of age) with invasive infections (bacteremia, pneumonia, pleural empyema, meningitis, septic arthritis, and ...

More Information. Streptococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms that cause many disorders, including pharyngitis, pneumonia, wound and skin infections, sepsis, and endocarditis. Symptoms vary with the organ infected. Sequelae of infections due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci may include rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.To evaluate the reliability of pneumococcal urinary antigen detection we calculated its sensitivity and positive and negative predictive values, using 3 different reference groups of patients as the gold standard: (1) in definite pneumococcal pneumonias (CAP with S pneumoniae isolated in blood or pleural fluid culture); (2) in probable ...0 - 1 points: mild pneumonia (there's only a 3% chance that your patient will go home and die, leaving you racked with guilt) 2 points: moderate (9% risk of dying) - you should probably hospitalize this person. 3 - 5 points: severe (13-53% chance of dying) - you better admit this person, maybe even to the ICU.Summary: A bacterial pathogen that causes strep throat and other illnesses cloaks itself in fragments of red blood cells to evade detection by the host immune system, according to a new study. The ...Primary Streptococcus viridans Pneumonia. We describe three cases of acute uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia due to viridans streptococci in previously healthy adults, which were indistinguishable from those caused by other well-known respiratory pathogens. On arrival, all of these patients were treated with IV aqueous penicillin based on Gram ...

Pneumococcal pneumonia is a type of bacterial pneumonia that is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). It is the most common bacterial pneumonia found in adults, the most common type of community-acquired pneumonia, and one of the common types of pneumococcal infection.The estimated number of Americans with pneumococcal pneumonia is 900,000 annually, with almost 400,000 cases ...Jun 13, 2020 · The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in the U.S. is Streptococcus pneumoniae. This type of pneumonia can occur on its own or after you've had a cold or the flu. It may affect one part (lobe) of the lung, a condition called lobar pneumonia. Bacteria-like organisms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also can cause pneumonia. Browse 1,670 authentic streptococcus stock photos, high-res images, and pictures, or explore additional streptococcus pneumoniae or streptococcus pyogenes stock images to find the right photo at the right size and resolution for your project. streptococcus pneumoniae. streptococcus pyogenes. streptococcus mutans. streptococcus viridans.Outpatient antibiotic prescribing and nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1996-2003 Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct;53(7):631-9. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir443. Authors Lauri A Hicks 1 , Yu-Wen Chien, Thomas H Taylor Jr, Michael Haber, Keith P Klugman, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Team. Collaborators ...

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Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency, and immediate steps must be taken to establish the specific cause and initiate effective therapy. The mortality rate of bacterial meningitis approaches 100 percent and, even with optimal therapy, there is a high failure rate. The possible presence of bacterial meningitis is suggested by the symptoms ...Pneumococcal disease is caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Pneumococcal disease may cause serious illness if it is in the lungs, blood, or in the lining of the brain and spinal cord. Pneumococcal disease is also a common cause of ear infections. The disease is spread from person to person by coughing or sneezing.2023年9月13日 ... Pneumonia is a respiratory infection characterized by inflammation of the alveolar space and/or the interstitial tissue of the lungs.Outpatient antibiotic prescribing and nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1996-2003 Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct;53(7):631-9. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir443. Authors Lauri A Hicks 1 , Yu-Wen Chien, Thomas H Taylor Jr, Michael Haber, Keith P Klugman, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Team. Collaborators ...

See Fig. 11 to view a photograph showing alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis on blood agar.. See Fig. 12 for a blood agar plate of a throat culture showing possible Streptococcus pyogenes.. Many of the streptococci can also be classified under the Lancefield system.In this case, they are divided into 19 different serologic groups on the basis of carbohydrate antigens in their cell wall.Leptospira is a genus of tiny spiral gram-negative bacteria that can be seen under a darkfield microscope. It's a motile and aerobic bacteria, and it doesn't form spores. Leptospira causes a zoonotic infection called leptospirosis, which has two phases. During the first phase, there are non-specific symptoms such as fever and headache. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. . 1985 Feb;29 (2):105-61. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002. Ceftazidime is a new 'third generation' cephalosporin administered intravenously or ...Causes about 2,000 cases of pneumococcal meningitis. Hospitalizes more than 150,000 people with pneumococcal pneumonia. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the disease that Streptococcus pneumoniae most often causes. While viruses cause most childhood pneumonia, pneumococcus is the most common bacterial cause of childhood pneumonia.Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a human respiratory tract pathogen and a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Although the pneumococcus is a commensal bacterium that colonizes the nasopharynx, it also causes lethal diseases such as meningitis, sepsis, and pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised patients, in the elderly, and in young children.Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause diseases such as rhinosinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fever, chills, coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. The treatment of infection with Strep pneumoniae involves the use of Penicillins, but in the case of resistant strains ...Background: Despite proven efficacy of vaccinations against Streptococcus pneumoniae in preventing infection, only 70% of eligible individuals receive the vaccine in the United States. Pneumococcal bacteremia represents a form of invasive pneumococcal disease and is associated with high mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients and the elderly.2014 Sep 25; (91):51747. doi: 10.3791/51747. Latex agglutination reagents are widely used in microbial diagnosis, identification and serotyping. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Current vaccines target the pneumococcal capsule, and there are over 90 capsular serotypes.

Last Reviewed: January 27, 2022 Source: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Bacterial Diseases Photos of pneumococcal …

Purpose. Correct serotype identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is important for monitoring disease epidemiology and assessing the impacts of pneumococcal vaccines. Furthermore, correct identification and differentiation of the pathogenic S. pneumoniae from closely related commensal species of the mitis group of the genus Streptococcus are essential for correct serotype ...Background: The PROTEKT US (Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin in the United States) surveillance programme was started in 2000, to chart the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae from across the USA.A rapid strep test involves swabbing the throat and running a test on the swab. The test quickly shows if group A strep bacteria are causing the illness. If the test is positive, doctors can prescribe antibiotics. If the test is negative, but a doctor still suspects strep throat, then the doctor can take a throat culture swab. Throat cultureThe lytA-encoded autolysin (N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase) of Streptococcus pneumoniae is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection and has been identified as a putative vaccine target. Allelic diversity of lytA in an extensive collection of clinical isolates was assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and confirmatory sequencing studies.Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent colonizer of the human upper respiratory tract [1,2]. It is the causative agent for a wide variety of life-threatening infections including pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia [3,4,5]. In addition, S. pneumoniae is a leading cause of otitis, sinusitis and bronchitis, particularly in children .Our data indicate that bile OD-values provides an accurate, fast and easy method to discriminate between Optr S. pneumoniae and other Streptococcus mitis group. Moreover molecular techniques, confirming the bile test, can be used in order to prevent these atypical pneumococci and alert clinical micr …Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause diseases such as rhinosinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis. Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fever, chills, coughing, chest pain, and difficulty …

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Streptococcus Pneumoniae for the USMLE Step 1 - YouTube 0:00 / 8:33 Introduction Streptococcus Pneumoniae for the USMLE Step 1 Physeo - USMLE Library 71K subscribers Subscribe 64K views 4...Pneumococcal infections are more common during the winter and early spring. Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs through. Direct person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets. Autoinoculation in persons carrying the bacteria in their upper respiratory tract. The pneumococcal serotypes most often responsible for causing infection ... The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of step-down oral antibiotics for the treatment of uncomplicated streptococcal BSIs. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients admitted with uncomplicated streptococcal BSI between June 2015 and June 2017 were included. Patients were excluded if they …That's going to represent my bacteria. I'm going to draw in a little viral illustration to represent a virus. Bacteria and viruses are certainly the most common causes of pneumonia. The good thing is that we have vaccines to combat two of the biggest culprits, which would be our Streptococcus pneumoniae, that's our bacteria, and the flu virus. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a well-known cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients. However, little information is available regarding clinical characteristics and outcomes of SBP caused by S. pneumoniae.It has been suggested that spontaneous pneumococcal peritonitis (SPP) often spreads hematogenously from concomitant pneumococcal pneumonia, and is associated with ...Browse 1,671 authentic streptococcus stock photos, high-res images, and pictures, or explore additional streptococcus pneumoniae or streptococcus pyogenes stock images to find the right photo at the right size and resolution for your project. streptococcus pneumoniae.Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the bile of two previously healthy adults presenting with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice. The organism was recovered on two occasions from both patients over periods of at least 10 days indicating established biliary colonisation and at the time of surgery pneumococci were present at multiple sites throughout the biliary tract.Purpose. Correct serotype identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is important for monitoring disease epidemiology and assessing the impacts of pneumococcal vaccines. Furthermore, correct identification and differentiation of the pathogenic S. pneumoniae from closely related commensal species of the mitis group of the genus Streptococcus are essential for correct serotype ... ….

Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that can be found in many water systems, such as hot water tanks, cooling towers, large air conditioning systems, or hot tubs. It is typically transmitted by inhaling infected aerosols, like contaminated water sprays, jets, or mists, and causes a disease called legionellosis with two ... A commercially available urinary antigen test can detect the C-polysaccharide antigen of Streptococcus pneumoniae as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia. The test. Is rapid and simple to use. Has a reasonable specificity in adults. Can detect pneumococcal pneumonia after initiation of antibiotic therapy. Pneumococcal bacteria are resistant ...Browse 144 streptococcus pneumoniae illustrations and vector graphics available royalty-free, or search for streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria to find more great images and vector art. streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, illustration - streptococcus pneumoniae stock illustrationsINTRODUCTION. Mycoplasma pneumonia is a common respiratory pathogen that produces diseases of varied severity ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe atypical pneumonia. Although rarely fatal, M. pneumoniae is an important cause of acute respiratory tract infection, especially as a potential etiology of the clinical entity ...Group B Streptococcus. Group B streptococcus, also known as group B strep or GBS, is a type of bacteria that can cause illness in people of all ages, though it can be particularly severe in ...The vaccine contains 2.2 μg of each polysaccharide (except for 4.4 μg of serotype 6B), along with 5.0 mM succinate buffer, 0.85% sodium chloride, 0.02% polysorbate 80, and 0.125 mg of aluminum ...Streptococcus pneumoniae is the bacterium that has historically been the most common pathogen to cause CAP worldwide. In the era before antibiotics, S. pneumoniae was estimated to be the cause of 95% of all cases of pneumonia. Currently, however, S. pneumoniae accounts for up to 15% of pneumonia cases in the United States and 27% of cases ...A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. . 1985 Feb;29 (2):105-61. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002. Ceftazidime is a new 'third generation' cephalosporin administered intravenously or ...Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen that causes microbiological illness in humans. The introduction of polyvalent vaccines has resulted in a significant decrease in pneumococcal-related mortality. However, pneumococcal infections continue to be a leading cause of death in children under the age of 5 and adults over the age of 65 worldwide. A speedy and highly sensitive diagnostic tool ... Strep pneumo sketchy, Now researchers usually consider bacteria as being “atypical” if they are hard to detect through standard bacterial methods. These “atypical” bacteria include. Chlamydia pneumoniae. Chlamydia psittaci. Legionella pneumophila. Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Even though these infections are called “atypical,” they are not uncommon., Streptococcus pneumoniae is considered an uncommon cause of SA in adults (3-11). S. pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia, acute otitis, maxillary sinusitis, and severe invasive infections, especially in patients <2 or > 65 years of age and in patients with underlying conditions, such as diabetes, malignancy ..., Routine use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13), beginning in 2000, has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) attributable to serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae contained in the vaccines. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of ..., Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus, non-spore-forming, both oxidase and catalase-positive bacteria, which is known to cause a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called gonorrhea. Gonorrhea manifests as urethritis in males and vaginitis and cervicitis in females, and if left untreated, it can progress to gonococcemia, and ..., Pneumococcus: Diseases, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid Arthritis. Alzheimer's & Dementia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that can cause ..., Streptococcal is a type of bacteria that can cause strep throat (group A) or blood infections (group B). Learn how they can be prevented and treated. Strep is short for Streptococcus, a type of bacteria. There are several types. Two of them..., PNTO. S. pneumoniae IgG Ab, Total, S. 43236-9. Assessing the IgG antibody response to active immunization with nonconjugated 23-valent vaccines Assessing the IgG antibody response to active immunization with conjugated 13-valent and 7-valent vaccines Determining the ability of an individual to produce an antibody response to …, Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile bacterium found in the environment and has been associated with pneumonia in patient populations with alcohol use disorder or diabetes mellitus. The bacterium typically colonizes human mucosal surfaces of the oropharynx and gastrointestinal (GI) tract., This test differentiates Streptococcus pneumoniae from other alpha hemolytic streptococci. S. pneumoniae is sensitive to the chemical optochin (ethylhdrocupreine hydrochloride) and will be inhibited from growing around the optochin disk. 1. Label half of a blood agar plate with your name. Another student will also use this plate to inoculate ..., Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) disease can range from ear and sinus infections to pneumonia, meningitis, and bloodstream infections. Children younger than 2 years old, older people, and those with immunocompromising conditions are most at risk. Vaccines are available to prevent pneumococcal disease in children ..., Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus, is a gram‐positive encapsulated diplococcus bacterium. It is ubiquitous in the natural environment and humans are its primary natural host. The polysaccharide capsule of the bacterium is an essential virulence factor, and more than 90 serotypes have been defined based on differences in ..., Pneumococcus: Diseases, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid Arthritis. Alzheimer's & Dementia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that can cause ..., Invasive pneumococcal disease: isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from normally sterile site in resident of a surveillance area in 2018. ABCs Methodology ABCs personnel routinely contacted all microbiology laboratories serving acute care hospitals in their area to identify cases. Standardized case report forms that include, Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Streptococcus Pneumoniae Bacteria stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. Streptococcus Pneumoniae Bacteria stock photos are available in a variety of sizes and formats to fit your needs., Streptococcus pneumoniae endophthalmitis is clinically more severe, more difficult to treat, and carry a higher risk of vision loss, evisceration, or enucleation. This study is to investigate the ..., Streptococcus. Species: S. pneumoniae. Binomial name. Streptococcus pneumoniae. (Klein 1884) Chester 1901. Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic member of the genus Streptococcus. [1] They are usually found in pairs ( diplococci) and do not form spores and are non motile. [2] , streptococcus), Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). DNA homology studies have established Enterococcus (formerly streptococci) as a separate genus, distinct from Streptococcus. This lecture will cover only two of these pathogens, S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae. Although not covered in the ..., Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of complicated pneumonia. Pneumococcal necrotizing pneumonia (PNP) is a rare and serotype related complication. Serotypes 1, 3, 14, 15, 19A and 33 were the most reported serotypes in children with PNP before immunization. Despite widespread vaccinati …, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) Streptococcus viridans. ... Sketchy Medical. External References. First Aid . 2022., Streptococcus pneumoniae, or the pneumococcus, is a gram-positive lanceolate coccus usually appearing as a diplococcus, but occasionally appearing singularly or in short chains. Pneumococci are frequently found as normal flora of the nasopharynx of healthy carriers., Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of CAP. Other common bacterial causes include Haemophilus influenzae as well as atypical bacteria ( Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella species). Increasing resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents has been documented in S pneumoniae and is common in H influenzae as well., PNTO. S. pneumoniae IgG Ab, Total, S. 43236-9. Assessing the IgG antibody response to active immunization with nonconjugated 23-valent vaccines Assessing the IgG antibody response to active immunization with conjugated 13-valent and 7-valent vaccines Determining the ability of an individual to produce an antibody response to …, Mar 7, 2022 · An intradermal killed S. pneumoniae challenge model causes a local inflammatory response. Healthy volunteers were given intradermal injections of 7.5 × 10 5 UV-killed S. pneumoniae TIGR4 strain ... , Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (S pneumoniae) is one of the major causes of difficult-to-treat pneumococcal disease in young children. Prevalence of the pneumococcal disease has been declining globally after the introduction of the PCV13 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.1 Lo and colleagues2 reported that the global dissemination of S pneumoniae serotype 24F lineage GPSC10 (CC230 ..., Among many pneumococcal antigens, choline-binding proteins (CPBs) display a high immunogenicity in animal models. This study aims to determine the immunogenicity of CbpM, CbpG and CbpL proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mice model. The genes were cloned into pET21a expression vector and the r …, NNDSS 2010 Case Definition: Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD, Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease) Active Bacterial Core surveillance. Some regions in the United States also track IPD cases through ABCs. ABCs is an active, laboratory- and population-based surveillance system for invasive bacterial pathogens of public health importance., Symptoms of a Streptococcus UTI may include: fever. painful or burning urination. frequent urination. increased urge to urinate. pressure or pain in the lower abdomen. lower back pain. red, pink ..., The structures of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are essential for defining the antigenic as well as genetic relationships between CPS serotypes. The four serotypes that comprise CPS serogroup 35 (i.e., types 35F, 35A, 35B, and 35C) are known to cross-react with genetically related type 20, 29, 34, 42, or 47F., Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae W H O M a n ua l, 2n d E d i t iOn1 1 The first edition has the WHO reference WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.7: Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, …, Pneumococcal disease overview of causes and transmission, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, and prevention ... Pneumococcal disease is a name for any infection caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcus. There are vaccines to help prevent pneumococcal disease. lungs icon. Types of Infection. exclamation circle icon., Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) has long been one of the most prominent bacterial causes of disease in humans and was one of the first to be identified as a cause of human infection [ 1 ]. Since 2000, however, its impact has been blunted by the widespread use of vaccines that largely prevent infection and colonization in young children., Streptococcus pneumoniae. A 56-year-old man presents to the emergency department for a severe headache, generalized malaise, and fatigue. Her symptoms are associated with neck stiffness and nausea. Physical examination is significant for nuchal rigidity and an inability to extend at the knee while the hips are flexed at 90°., Introduction. Pneumonia is an important infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality [1, 2].Streptococcus pneumoniae can lead to serious invasive diseases, such as meningitis, septicemia, and pneumonia, as well as milder but more common illnesses, such as otitis media []. S.pneumoniae frequently colonizes the human nasopharynx, and infants and young children are the main reservoir of ...