The wolof

The Wolof (also spelled Djolof, Jolof, or Ouolof) Empire was formed when a group of people migrated in the tenth century from the powerful Ghana Ghana (ancient) Empire (situated far northwest of modern-day Ghana) and settled in the Senegal River region. Migrations;Wolof to Senegal River region The Wolof's cultural origins in Ghana are seen most clearly in the similarities of religion and ...

Jun 12, 2016 · The Wolof Empire (also spelt Wollof, Jolof or Jollof) emerged soon after 300 AD in the Senegambia Valley between the Gambia and Senegal rivers. To the north east it was bounded by the semi-desert ... Sep 27, 2017 · Of these national languages, Wolof is the most widely spoken. Research indicates that Wolof is the first or second language of approximately 80% of the population of Senegal. This language is considered the native tongue of the Wolof people, who inhabit the western region of Africa and make up 40% of the population of Senegal. *An estimate of the number of pioneer workers needed for initial church planting among unreached people groups by country. Estimates are calculated only for unreached people groups and are based on ratio of 1 worker-unit (single person or married couple) per 50,000 living in an unreached people group by country, or for example one team of four ...Open registry Editor (Win+R -> regedit) as Administrator. Navigate to Computer\HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Keyboard Layout\Preload. Delete the unnecessary keyboards based on the language codes. To prevent these from re-appearing: Right-click on the "Preload" branch and choose "Permissions". Click on "Advanced".Oliver and Thiam’s first commercial fonio beer was called Teranga, the Wolof word for hospitality. Kirin has a 24.5% stake in Brooklyn Brewery, so they launched it in Japan in 2020.Why Study Wolof? Wolof is a language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people. It is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, and is spoken by more than 10 million people. Foreign Language Requirements. Most students at Howard University have a foreign language requirement to graduate.The Wolof people are a West African ethnic group located in northwestern Senegal, Gambia and the southwestern coast of Mauritania. In Senegal, Wolof is the …Although French is the official language, it is generally only spoken by the educated elite. Wolof is the language most widely spoken, even by non-Wolof. Traditionally, Wolof are sedentary farmers, perhaps the descendents of people dispersed after the fall of the Ghana Empire (centred in present-day Mali) in the 11th century.

Sep 26, 2023 · The meaning of WOLOF is a Niger-Congo language of Senegambia. Recent Examples on the Web While studying Senegal’s rich flora in 1749, young French botanist Michel Adanson meets a young Wolof woman. the structure of the Wolof clausal periphery. Section 3 introduces the Head-Splitting mechanism and illustrates how it derives cartographic and non-cartographic effects in the two clause-types in Wolof. Section 4 contains a brief discussion, and concludes the paper. 2. The CP and TP layers in WolofFRENCH + wolof TUTORS: Preply. books I've purchased and use: My First Tri-Lingual Book of Numbers. English- French- Wolof. Wolof Language: The Wolof Phrasebook and Dictionary. Talking Wolof with Da' African Village: A Speaker's Guide to Senegal/West Africa. But of course,Hello to you (reply) – Maalekum salaam. This response literally means ‘peace also be upon you’. Other ways you can say hello in Wolof are: Hello (to 1 person) – Na nga def. Hello (to multiple people) – Na ngeen def. These are other common ways to greet people in Wolof. These phrases can also be used to say both hello and how are you.Wolof is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. Vowels. All vowels may be long (written double) or short. /aː/ is written à before a long (prenasalized ... Feb 10, 2023 · Wolof Kingdom of Jolof. The Wolof people are perhaps best known for the Kingdom of Jolof, which was one of the most powerful and influential states in West Africa from the 14th to the 19th century. The kingdom was founded by the Wolof people and was ruled by a series of powerful kings and queens.

The Wolof language, also known as Ouolof, Volof, Walaf, Waro-Waro, or Yallof, belongs to the Atlantic group of the Niger-Congo language family. It is spoken in such countries as Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania. The population of speakers in Senegal is estimated at 5.2 million people.The Wolof language is used in the region and in Senegalese restaurants for example. Many Senegalese are shop owners and have travel agencies. Wolof speakers have mixed well in American society while keeping their own language. Retaining their own language helps keep unity with them.The wolof pronunciation system is relatively simple. Every symbol stands for only one sound, that is every symbol is pronounced the same way in every word. The distinction between short and long vowels is very important, because it is sometimes the only way to distinguish pairs of words which have different meanings.TR 2:10pm - 4:00pm Stimson Hall G24C. Jan 23 - May 9, 2023. Staff. Instruction Mode: Distance Learning-Synchronous. Perquisite: WOLOF 3113 or equivalent. This course is part of the Shared Course Initiative (SCI) and will be taught from Columbia University using videoconferencing technology.

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Culture. The Wolof people's traditional culture and practices have survived the colonial era and are a strong element of the Senegalese culture. Senegal is well known for the West African tradition of storytelling, which is done by griots, who have kept West African history alive for thousands of years through words and music.Updating 6 episodes a week on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays at 8:00 PM (20:00) GMT+8.👉Subscribe Now👈★ MZTV Exclusive Chinese Drama: https://bit.ly/mztv...The Jolof Empire ( Arabic: امبراطورية جولوف ), also known as the Wolof or Wollof Empire, was a West African state that ruled parts of modern-day Senegal from 1350 to 1549. Following the 1549 battle of Danki, its vassal states were fully or de facto independent; in this period it is known as the Jolof Kingdom .His generalizations about African languages and their connection to ancient Egyptian languages through Wolof, a Senegalese language, were essentially deductive, imaginative, and ahistorical. However, despite controversial hypotheses and conclusions associated with his interdisciplinary methodologies, Diop produced an important and …Wolof or Wollof may refer to: . Wolof people, an ethnic group found in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania; Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania; The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mali Empire from the 14th to 16th centuries in present-day Senegal; The Wolof or Jolof Kingdom, a rump …In 2018, USAID/Senegal’s ACCES project [Senegal’s Assainissement — Changement de Comportement et Eau pour le Sénégal] launched a branded sanitation solution called Sagal. In the Wolof ...

The Wolof constitute a large ethnic group inhabiting the West African countries of Senegal and Gambia. "Wolof" is a self-ascribed name for the people and their language. Concentrated between the Senegal and Gambia rivers, the Wolof have their origins in a 14th century political federation known as the Dyolof Empire. They were subjugated by the ...This phrasebook includes greetings, food items, directions, sightseeing and many other categories of expressions that will help anyone wanting to learn Wolof. Read more Previous pageAlong with other related languages such as Serer and Wolof, it belongs to the Atlantic geographic group within Niger-Congo, and more specifically to the Senegambian branch. Unlike most Niger-Congo languages, Fula does not have tones . It is spoken as a first language by the Fula people ("Fulani", Fula: Fulɓe) from the Senegambia region and ...Learn as little as 17 minutes per day. You'll never forget Wolof again in your life with the unique long-term memory learning method. With the novel superlearning technology, you'll learn 32% faster and can focus better. The course is designed to teach you Wolof on autopilot. The learning methods will make learning Wolof addictive, every single ...14. Edgy Blonde Shag with Curtain Bangs. This option occupies a special place among the rest of wolf cut hairstyle ideas, as it is so much versatile. Pair this trendy multi-layer haircut with a bright platinum blonde shade and curtain bangs to emphasize the beauty of your face and draw attention to your magnetic eyes.Wolof, a Muslim people of Senegal and The Gambia who speak the Wolof language of the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The typical rural community is small (about 100 persons). Most Wolof are farmers, growing peanuts (groundnuts) as a cash crop and millet and sorghum as staples; The Wolof homeland. The estimated six million Wolof people are the dominant ethnic group in the 'Savannah zone' between southwestern Mauritania and the Gambia, 90% of whom call northwestern Senegal their home. A predominantly rural people, three-quarters of Wolof still live in small villages of around 50-150 people led by a village chief or ...Wolof. As in most African nations, dozens of distinct languages are spoken in the Senegambia region of West Africa. You can learn Wolof by using our Online Course.. More than 20 African languages are reported in Terminologies Nouvelles , though Ethnologue includes dialects and non-African languages to arrive at the number of 36 for the languages spoken by groups living within Senegal’s ...The Wolof are one of the largest people groups that inhabit modern-day Senegal. They live anywhere from the desert area of the Sahara to the rain forests. Traditionally many Wolof lived in small villages governed by an extended family unit but now most Wolof move to cities where they are able to get jobs. Most Wolof are Muslim, in fact to be ...

Wolof dialects may vary between countries (Senegal and the Gambia) and the rural and urban areas. "Dakar-Wolof", for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French, Arabic, and even a little English spoken in Dakar, the capital of Senegal. Women shopping in Ziguinchor, captured by Jean Papillon on Unsplash. Senegalese Society & Culture

[Verse 1: Peter Gabriel] Love, I get so lost sometimes Days pass and this emptiness fills my heart When I want to run away, I drive off in my car But whichever way I go I come back to the place ...Wolof, a Muslim people of Senegal and The Gambia who speak the Wolof language of the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The typical rural community is small (about 100 persons). Most Wolof are farmers, growing peanuts (groundnuts) as a cash crop and millet and sorghum as staples;The Wolof language extends throughout the neighborhood, including in the Senegalese restaurants, which use both English and Wolof. Most Senegalese are owners of shops, jewelry stores, taxis, travel agencies and professional companies. Senegalese people have successfully assimilated into the American culture while still maintaining their native ...Jun 22, 2018 · The Wolof homeland. The estimated six million Wolof people are the dominant ethnic group in the ‘Savannah zone’ between southwestern Mauritania and the Gambia, 90% of whom call northwestern Senegal their home. A predominantly rural people, three-quarters of Wolof still live in small villages of around 50-150 people led by a village chief or ... Molly Melching in 2007 on the 10th anniversary of the abandonment of FGM by Malicounda Bambara, Senegal. Molly Melching is the founder and Creative Director of the Tostan Community Empowerment Program (CEP).Tostan (meaning "breakthrough" in the Wolof language) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) headquartered in Dakar, Senegal …Mbeurkatt is the Wolof word for a wrestler, wrestling is a very popular national sport in Senegal. The traditional sport of Senegalese wrestling is a ...Wolofization or Wolofisation is a cultural and language shift whereby populations or states adopt Wolof language or culture, such as in the Senegambia region. In Senegal, Wolof is a lingua franca The Wolofization phenomenon has taken over all facets of Senegal and encroaching on Gambian soil. This phenomenon has caused other Senegambian ethnic groups great concern and resulted in taking steps ...

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There are generally two types of Wolof, that is, Gambian Wolof spoken mainly by the Gambian people and the Senegal Wolof, which is the standard form of the language (Newman & Ratliff 100). We will write a custom Research Paper on Wolof Language, Its Structure and Use specifically for you for only 9.35/page. 807 certified writers online.Stew the Vegetables. Saute the sliced onions in the oil over medium heat until translucent. Add in the tomato paste, and stir fry for 5 minutes. The tomato paste may start to brown a little. Add in the ground garlic and scotch bonnet and stir fry for another 2 minutes. Add in bullion, black pepper, and 8 cups of water.The Wolof Translator. Jan 2019 - Present4 years 6 months. California, United States. The Wolof Translator offers professional translation, interpretation, subtitling, and voiceover services in ...The Wolof Tribe - Tallest People and Giants in West Africa.Every tribe in the world is unique and so are the ones in Africa. Wolof people are believed to be ...For instance, during the 15 th century, African people such as the Wolof, Mende, Mandingo, and Yoruba used hairstyles as means to carry messages . One of the unique features of African textured hair is its ability to be sculpted and molded into various shapes and forms. Hence, while hair may play an important role in the lives of people of all ...Honky comes from bohunk and hunky, derogatory terms for Bohemian, Hungarian, and Polish immigrants that came into use around the turn of the century. According to Robert Hendrickson, author of the Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins, black workers in Chicago meat-packing plants picked up the term from white workers and began applying it ...The authorship — and therefore origins — of jollof rice (called ceebu jën in Senegal according to the Wolof spelling) is the subject of a spicy debate between West African nations. In ...In order for a new wolf cub to urinate, its mother has to massage its belly with her warm tongue. [5] The Vikings wore wolf skins and drank wolf blood to take on the wolf's spirit in battle. They also viewed real wolves as battle companions or hrægifr (corpse trolls). [6] The earliest drawings of wolves are in caves in southern Europe and date from 20,000 B.C. [2]The wolf RPG on mobile is finally here. Explore the amazing environment, develop your character and upgrade your skills to become the Alpha of your pack! You can try your strength in one of two modes: CO-OP or PVP - everything in Online Real-Time Multiplayer. Play with people from all over the World! Compete with players from all …My studying of the Wolof language with Professor Mariame Sy to the 5000 level is my proudest achievement. Not only have I formed lasting relationships in these courses, my thoughts and ability to understand my own identity and those of the diaspora have been challenged. I am currently a Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellow, a Humanities Scholar, a ...That includes the Wolof building projects we are working to support through the generosity of our congregation during the "Send Me" conference. Capturing the stories was my plan. And that objective was accomplished. But something else that I didn't expect happened. Every single one of my assumptions about missions in Africa was completely ... ….

For casual users, this translator can be a great tool as an entry point into communicating with Wolof speakers, just remember some basic grammar rules, and double-check individual word meanings with an actual Wolof dictionary or speaker. As with English, Wolof words can have multiple meanings, and phrases can have literal meanings that don't ... Senegal is home to a number of literary poets and writers. Mariama Bâ, Fatou Diome, and the first president Léopold Sédar Senghor are all well known for their literary contributions, among a number of others.. Senegalese Literature in Wolof: Boubacar Boris Diop, a Senegalese writer and journalist, is most famous for producing Doomi Golo, a novel written in Wolof (not translated from another ...Let's go shopping and see how to buy items in Wolof; Important Verbs To be, To Have, To Do, To Say, To Go, To Know, To Want, To Can & To Use; Media List of music, dances and movies in Wolof; Phrases Extra phrases in Wolof that may be handy; Go to the top of the page . Mofeko | Email us | -----African Languages on Mofeko . West AfricaMolly Melching in 2007 on the 10th anniversary of the abandonment of FGM by Malicounda Bambara, Senegal. Molly Melching is the founder and Creative Director of the Tostan Community Empowerment Program (CEP).Tostan (meaning "breakthrough" in the Wolof language) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) headquartered in Dakar, Senegal …The Wolof Empire (also spelt Wollof, Jolof or Jollof) emerged soon after 300 AD in the Senegambia Valley between the Gambia and Senegal rivers. To the north east it was bounded by the semi-desert ...Wolof is the lingua franca of Senegal and also spoken in some parts of Gambia. But even after giving Senegal and Gambia the status of originators of jollof rice, the debate still continues on who ...Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa, on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest.Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of ...The Wolof of Gambia, numbering 368,000, are Engaged yet Unreached. They are part of the Atlantic-Wolof people cluster within the Sub-Saharan African affinity bloc. Globally, this group totals 7,352,700 in 9 countries. Their primary language is Gambian Wolof. The primary religion practiced by the Wolof is Folk Islam, a syncretistic belief system that blends traditional elements of Islam with ...The wolof pronunciation system is relatively simple. Every symbol stands for only one sound, that is every symbol is pronounced the same way in every word. The distinction between short and long vowels is very important, because it is sometimes the only way to distinguish pairs of words which have different meanings. The wolof, Daughter of the Wolf. 2019 | Maturity Rating: 16+ | Action. An ex-military specialist journeys deep into the perilous Alaskan wilderness to rescue her teen son from mysterious and dangerous kidnappers. Starring: Gina Carano, Brendan Fehr, Richard Dreyfuss., The Wolof language is the lingua franca of Senegal, and widely spoken in the Gambia, and to a lesser extent in the Greater Senegambian region, including Guinea Conakry and Bissau. Wolof is also spoken by smaller communities in Mauritania and Senegalese diasporas residing in cities like Paris, Lyon, Berlin, Atlanta, Columbus and Harlem., Wolof Dictionary: Pronunciation. Wolof, one of the most widely spoken language in The Gambia, is a beautifully melodic and expressive language that reflects the rich cultural tapestry of its people. Pronouncing Wolof words correctly not only enhances your ability to communicate effectively but also demonstrates respect for the local culture., The traditional tama, handmade in Senegal. One of the oldest instruments of the West African Griot. Traditional lizard skin gives superior pitch control, punch, ..., Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal in neighboring countries, many works are written in Wolof or the need to have a tool that allows us to know better this language. Wolof library allows us to do several specific tasks in Wolof languages such as text classification, translation, automatic speech recognition., Wolof Empire Timeline. Search Results. c. 1350 - c. 1550. The Wolof Empire rules in West Africa. 1455. The Portuguese adventurer Diogo Gomes establishes trade relations with the Wolof Empire. 1489. Burba Birao, king of the Wolof Empire, is dethroned by a revolt of conservative tribal leaders., the linguistic resources used are common usage dictionaries including Arame Fall's and Jean Léopold Diouf's dictionaries, as well as the Wolof lexicon available ..., L'Harmattan: Grammaire du Wolof Contemporain, Paris - 2009. Jean-Léopold Diouf: J'apprends le Wolof. Paris Compiled by Wolfgang Kuhl. If you would like to make any corrections or additions to this page, or if you can provide recordings, please contact me. Numbers in Atlantic-Congo languages. Efik, Cebaara, Mundang, Supyire, Twi, Wolof, A Bible entirely in Wolof will be essential for making disciples among the least-reached Wolof people. Approximately 80 percent of Senegal's 17 million people speak that language. This translation is intentionally written in a common form of Wolof, such as that used by farmers, fishermen and traders. Mashburn and others said this version of ..., Knowing the basic Wolof greetings and phrases will go a long way in getting you better service and prices. Be aware that Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. "Dakar-Wolof", for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French and Arabic. While some Senegalese speak English, most business is conducted in Wolof or ..., The Wolof constitute a large ethnic group inhabiting the West African country of Senegal, a former French colony, and Gambia, a former British colony. "Wolof" ..., In order for a new wolf cub to urinate, its mother has to massage its belly with her warm tongue. [5] The Vikings wore wolf skins and drank wolf blood to take on the wolf's spirit in battle. They also viewed real wolves as battle companions or hrægifr (corpse trolls). [6] The earliest drawings of wolves are in caves in southern Europe and date from 20,000 B.C. [2], L'anglais facile | jàng Anglais ci Wolof |@EnglishclassTV221 #EnglishclassTV221 learning English .english conversationDaily life Question ⁉️ | wolof anglais ..., → clavier wolof pour écrire un texte avec les caractères spéciaux de l'alphabet wolof • Grammaire wolof-français par Amidou Maiga (2009) • Initiation au wolof par Xavier Bry • Laaf : cours de wolof en français, anglais, allemand • Afroweb : grammaire du wolof (initiation) • Étudiants du monde : cours de wolof • Wolof resources : cours de wolof & ressources, Prayer Requests. Pray for God to raise up Wolof believers in Senegal who are willing to live among the Wolof in Mauritania in hopes of sharing the gospel ..., Wolof, Mandinka, Fula, Baga, Susu, Limba, Temne, Mende, Vai, Kissi, Kpelle, etc.—but there were also slaves brought from the Gold Coast, Calabar, Congo, and Angola. The Gullah slaves adopted beliefs and practices that were familiar to Africans from these widely separated regions. In most cases, therefore, we cannot say that, Sep 27, 2017 · Of these national languages, Wolof is the most widely spoken. Research indicates that Wolof is the first or second language of approximately 80% of the population of Senegal. This language is considered the native tongue of the Wolof people, who inhabit the western region of Africa and make up 40% of the population of Senegal. , The former realm of the Wolof, maintained from the 14th to the 19th centuries. Usage The spelling Wolof is the most common in reference to the people and their language, but the variant spellings "Jolof" and "Jollof" are more common when used in reference to their former polity ("Jolof Empire" or "Kingdom") and a native rice dish (" jollof rice ..., Wolof is a West African language spoken mainly in Senegal, Gambia and southern Mauritania. The language has influenced the societies and economies of West Africans, and it has emerged through trade as a lingua franca also used in parts of Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Mali. Wolof is known internationally through the popular work of acclaimed ..., The Wolof (37.1%), Pular (26.2%), and Serar (17%) are the three largest ethnic groups living in the country. French is the official language of Senegal. Wolof, Pular, Mandinka, Soninke, Jola, etc., are some other languages spoken in Senegal. Nearly 95.9% of the country's population is Muslim with most adhering to one of the four main Sufi ..., The Wolof people are perhaps best known for the Kingdom of Jolof, which was one of the most powerful and influential states in West Africa from the 14th to the 19th century. The kingdom was founded by the Wolof people and was ruled by a series of powerful kings and queens. During its heyday, the kingdom of Jolof was a center of trade, commerce ..., The Capitoline She-Wolf, on display at the Capitoline Museums in Rome, was thought to have been an ancient bronze sculpture from the fifth or sixth century B.C. There are two issues about the dates. First, the wolf and the infants were made at separate periods. Additionally, there is a millennium between the possible dates for the creation of ..., Wolof is a widely spoken and historically significant language in Senegal. It has been around for over 800 years, predating the English language for centuries. Wolof has the second-largest native speaker base in Africa, following behind only Arabic. It is one of the most widely spoken African languages. The Wolof language has two main dialects ..., Wolof, a Muslim people of Senegal and The Gambia who speak the Wolof language of the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The typical rural community is small (about 100 persons). Most Wolof are farmers, growing peanuts (groundnuts) as a cash crop and millet and sorghum as staples;, Wolof is the paramount language in the African Atlantic coast and the principal medium of communication in Senegal. Like most Atlantic languages it lacks tones and has prenasalized consonants but in contrast with them it doesn't have implosive ones. As is characteristic in Niger-Congo languages, it has a system of noun-classes but unusually ..., Wolof is a black African language of Senegal , Mauritania, and the Gambia and the native language of the Wolof people. Like the neighboring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs …, Wolof - History and Cultural Relations. The first substantial documentary information on the Wolof dates from the travels of Ca da Mosto from 1455 to 1457. According to oral traditions, however, it was probably during the preceding century that the Wolof were unified into a loose political federation known as the Dyolof Empire, centered in ..., Although French is the official language, it is generally only spoken by the educated elite. Wolof is the language most widely spoken, even by non-Wolof. Traditionally, Wolof are sedentary farmers, perhaps the descendents of people dispersed after the fall of the Ghana Empire (centred in present-day Mali) in the 11th century., Stew the Vegetables. Saute the sliced onions in the oil over medium heat until translucent. Add in the tomato paste, and stir fry for 5 minutes. The tomato paste may start to brown a little. Add in the ground garlic and scotch bonnet and stir fry for another 2 minutes. Add in bullion, black pepper, and 8 cups of water., Dec 16, 2012 · The Wolof people are a very dark skinned, tall, proud, regal-looking people. They tend to be lazy about learning other languages, and have a domineering and contemptuous attitude toward their neighbours. and are very ethnocentric. Open sensuality is part of their lifestyle. Gambian Wolof woman doing her gig. , Waalo ( Wolof: Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what is now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emirates; to the south was the kingdom of Cayor; to the east was Jolof ., 31 ส.ค. 2565 ... 1.4 Consonant alternation. In order to support the phonological distinction between 'strong' and 'weak' consonants in. Wolof, it is worth ..., Book 1. With Fangs and Claws. by Sam Hall. 4.32 · 2,578 Ratings · 310 Reviews · published 2022 · 3 editions. The duke's daughter. One girl, two lives.