What was the paleozoic era

As glaciers spread, the sea level and temperature dropped, setting off the Earth’s first mass extinction. The Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction, explained in this World Atlas article, occurred about 443 Ma and killed 80-85% of the animals living on Earth, likely due to climate change. This extinction actually occurred in two major waves.

What was the paleozoic era. Paleozoic (541-252 million years ago) means ‘ancient life.’ The oldest animals on Earth appeared just before the start of this era in the Ediacaran Period, but scientists had not yet discovered them when the geologic timescale was made.

Aug 24, 2022 · The Paleozoic Era is a time period in Earth’s history that lasted from 541 to 252 million years ago. It is divided into six periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. The Cambrian Period was the first period of the Paleozoic Era. It lasted from 541 to 488 million years ago.

During the Paleozoic Era, which lasted 289 million years, plants and reptiles began moving from the sea to the land. The era has been divided into six periods: Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian. Several times during this era, seas appeared and disappeared in Kansas.The Permian Period was the final period of the Paleozoic Era. Lasting from 298.9 million to 251.9 million years ago, it followed the Carboniferous Period and preceded the Triassic Period.The Paleozoic era (from the Greek palaio, meaning "old" and zoion, "animals," meaning "ancient life") is an interval of about 291 million years defined on the geologic timescale as spanning roughly from 542 to 251 million years ago (mya), and as being the earliest of three eras of the Phanerozoic eon. The Paleozoic era is followed by the ...One of the lesser-known geologic spans in the earth's history, the Ordovician period (448 to 443 million years ago) didn't witness the same extreme burst of evolutionary activity that characterized the preceding Cambrian period; rather, this was the time when the earliest arthropods and vertebrates expanded their presence in the world's oceans.Paleozoic Era, or Palaeozoic Era, Major interval of geologic time, c. 542–251 million years ago. From the Greek for “ancient life,” it is the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon and is …

The Paleozoic era was an era of transit between the different forms of primitive life that existed, between vertebrate animals and invertebrates, of marine life …Eons are divided into eras, which are further divided into periods, epochs, and ages. Geologic dating is extremely imprecise. For example, although the date listed for the beginning of the Ordovician period is 485 million years ago, it is actually 485.4 with an uncertainty (plus or minus) of 1.9 million years.Social Nonprimate Animals Henry R. Hermann Ph.D., in Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals, 2017Vertebrates As pointed out by Richard Fortey in Horseshoe Crabs and Velvet Worms, The Story of Animals and Plants that Time has Left Behind (2012), the ultimate beginnings of the line of organisms to which we belong go …The Second era of the World. The time period between the Precambrian and Mesozoic periods that lasted for nearly 340 million years is the Paleozoic era. This era is divided into several periods like the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. The Cambrian period was the first part of this era which started ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which option orders the events chronologically, from earliest to latest., How did reduced methane concentrations in the atmosphere affect Earth?, Which forms of life were dominant in the Mesozoic era? and more.The Ordovician* lasted about 45 million years and saw the transition from very primitive to relatively modern life-forms in the seas. The “Ordovician radiation” which followed the late Cambrian extinctions, lead to a tripling of marine diversity, the greatest increase in the history of life, and giving the highest levels of diversity seen during the Paleozoic Era.11 ביוני 2023 ... The Cambrian Period, spanning from 541 to 485 million years ago, is renowned for the Cambrian Explosion, a rapid diversification of life forms.The Paleozoic (IPA: /ˌpæli.əˈzoʊ.ɪk,-i.oʊ-, ˌpeɪ-/ PAL-ee-ə-ZOH-ik, -⁠ee-oh-, PAY-; or Palaeozoic) Era is the first of three geological eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Beginning 538.8 million years ago (Ma), it succeeds the Neoproterozoic (the last era of the Proterozoic Eon) and ends 251.9 Ma at the start of the Mesozoic Era. [2]

The temperature of a planet is linked with the diversity of life that it can support. MIT geologists have now reconstructed a timeline of the Earth’s temperature during the early Paleozoic era, between 510 and 440 million years ago — a pivotal period when animals became abundant in a previously microbe-dominated world.The difference between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic era is Many different species of dinosaurs lived in the Mesozoic, but they all died off in the Paleozoic. What are Paleozoic era. Paleozoic Era can be regarded as the , major interval of geologic time which was seen around 541 million years ago. Therefore, species of dinosaurs lived in the Mesozoic.Aug 10, 2023 · The Paleozoic Era lasted 291 million years from the start of the Cambrian Period 542 million years ago until the end of the Permian Period 251 million years ago. Life of every kind went through ... Silurian Period, Interval of geologic time, 443.4–419.2 million years ago, the third period of the Paleozoic Era. The Silurian follows the Ordovician Period and precedes the Devonian . It marks the first appearance of land plants and jawed fishes.Aug 29, 2019 · The Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras. The Geologic Time Scale is the history of the Earth broken down into four spans of time marked by various events, such as the emergence of certain species, their evolution, and their extinction, that help distinguish one era from another. Strictly speaking, Precambrian Time is not an ... During the Paleozoic Era, around 335 mya, smaller landmasses joined to form a single supercontinent, Pangaea. Pangaea was surrounded by a superocean called Panthalassa . The end of the Paleozoic Era was marked by the Permian–Triassic Extinction Event , also known as “The Great Dying”.

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The Paleozoic era culminated 251.9 million years ago in the most severe mass extinction recorded in the geologic record. Known as the "great dying," this event saw the loss of up to 96% of all ...Aug 25, 2023 · Carboniferous Period, fifth interval of the Paleozoic Era, succeeding the Devonian Period and preceding the Permian Period. In terms of absolute time, the Carboniferous Period began approximately 358.9 million years ago and ended 298.9 million years ago. The Paleozoic era (from the Greek palaio, meaning "old" and zoion, "animals," meaning "ancient life") is an interval of about 291 million years defined on the geologic timescale as spanning roughly from 542 to 251 million years ago (mya), and as being the earliest of three eras of the Phanerozoic eon. The Paleozoic era is followed by the ...Paleozoic Era. The Silurian Period. The Silurian (443.7 to 416.0 million years ago)* was a time when the Earth underwent considerable changes that had important repercussions for the environment and life within it. One result of these changes was the melting of large glacial formations. This contributed to a substantial rise in the levels of ...Section 3: The Paleozoic Era. • First four-legged animals developed began. The Paleozoic Era lasted from about 540 million years ago to about 248 million years ago. During this time period of about 292 million years, shallow seas came inland several times. Sharks and other fish, along with many other kinds of animals, lived in the water.Cambrian Case Index Geologic Time Scale. The Cambrian* Period begins the Phanerozoic Eon, the last 542 million years during which fossils with hard parts have existed. It is the first division of the Paleozoic Era (542Ma -251Ma). Marine animals with mineralized skeletons make their first appearance in the shallow seas of the Cambrian, …

... paleozoic posters paleozoic era posters. Photograph Tags. photographs animal ... paleozoic photos paleozoic era photos. Comments (0). Post a Comment. Add This ...The end of the Paleozoic era is marked by the largest mass extinction in earth history. The Paleozoic era had two smaller mass extinctions, but these were not as large as the Permian Mass Extinction, also known as the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event. It is estimated that up to 96% of marine species and 70% of land-dwelling (terrestrial ...Oct 5, 2023 · Paleozoic Era, major interval of geologic time that began 538.8 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history. During the Paleozoic Era, there were multi-cellular organisms like trilobites, mollusks, jawless fish, seaweeds and finally, jawed fish, sharks, plants and early amphibians and reptiles.Chapter 2: The Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic Era (paleo means "early life") lasted from about 540 to 250 million years ago. Much of Colorado was dominated by two very large mountain ranges spanning north to south and parallel to each other. The mountain ranges were eroding during this time span, similar to our present Rocky Mountains, so any ...The Paleozoic Era. The Cambrian Period: Following the Precambrian mass extinction, there was an explosion of new kinds of organisms in the Cambrian Period (544-505 million years ago).Many types of primitive animals called sponges evolved. Small ocean invertebrates called trilobites became abundant.. Two representatives of more than fifty modern animal phyla from the Cambrian explosion are ...Paleozoic Era, In geologic time , the Paleozoic Era, the first era in the Phanerozoic Eon , covers the time between roughly 544 million years ago (mya) and until 24… Silurian Period , In geologic time , the Silurian Period, the third period of the Paleozoic Era , covers the time from roughly 440 million years ago (mya) until 410 my…Paleozoic Era. The first period of the Paleozoic Era was the Cambrian. By the beginning of the Paleozoic, organisms evolved shells. Shells could hold their soft tissues together. Shells could protect them from predators and from drying out. Some organisms evolved external skeletons. These are called exoskeletons.Sep 11, 2017 · The late Palaeozoic era spans from about 419 million years ago to 252 million years ago, and is subdivided into three geological periods in chronological order: the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. The late Palaeozoic is characterised by dramatic tectonic movements, global climatic changes and evolutionary novelties both in the ocean and on ... Geologic time period 543-490 million years ago. The Cambrian is the first period of the Paleozoic era, during which all animals and plants lived in the Earth's oceans. Many organisms that we recognize as members of modern animal groups (including the arthropods, sponges, chordates, and molluscs) made their first unmistakable appearance …

Beginning nearly 300 million years before the dinosaurs began walking the earth, the Paleozoic Era was the first of three geologic eras that featured multicellular life, according to the museum.

The Paleozoic era began around 542 million years ago with a massive explosion of life forms. It ended 291 million years later with the extinction of between 90 …The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of “old life.” It lasted from 544 to 245 million years ago and is divided into six periods. Major events in each period of the …Aug 11, 2023 · The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of “old life.”. It lasted from 544 to 245 million years ago and is divided into six periods. Major events in each period of the Paleozoic Era are described in Figure below. The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. This is called the Cambrian explosion. Some of thePaleozoic Era Animals they are placoderms, trilobites, cockroaches and pelycosaurs. This era began 542 million years ago and ended 251 million years ago. During the Paleozoic era the supercontinent Pangea was formed and large reptiles began to dominate the world.The Paleozoic is the era of geologic time spanning about 541 to 248 million years ago. Paleozoic means ancient life (even though evidence of microbial life extends well back in time to some of the earliest sedimentary rocks still preserved and discovered on Earth). The Paleozoic Era follows the Precambrian Eon and precedes the Mesozoic Era.Paleozoic era. The Paleozoic era, which happened and extended from about 542 million years ago to 251 million years ago, was a time when there were many important changes on Earth. The era began with the rupture of a super continent known as Pannotia, and the …Paleozoic Era (541 million years ago to 252 million years ago) During the Paleozoic Era, which lasted 289 million years, plants and reptiles began moving from the sea to the land. The era has been divided into six periods: Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian. Several times during this era, seas appeared and ...Scientists know that dragonflies with wing spans as wide as a hawk’s and cockroaches big enough to take on house cats lived during the Paleozoic era (245-570 million years ago). At the same time, mammoth millipedes longer than a human leg skittered across prehistoric soil. Hundreds of different huge species evolved during the late Paleozoic era.

Eras in geologic time scale.

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Gas results of the Silurian show some of the greatest variation in oxygen contents measured in halite during the early Paleozoic. The Mallowa salt (Carribuddy Group) of the Canning Basin (Australia) comes in with a low oxygen content of 12.9% (DM) and comparable 14.3% using the BCM method ( Table 1, Suppl. Fig. S4).The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 354 to 290 million years ago during the late Paleozoic Era. The term "Carboniferous" comes from England, in reference to the rich deposits of coal that occur there. These deposits of coal occur throughout northern Europe, Asia, and midwestern and eastern North America. The term "Carboniferous" is ...Direct fossil preservation of leaf damage, arthropod mouthparts, and vertebrate teeth has understandably led to a focus on oral processing of plant material …During the Paleozoic Era, around 335 mya, smaller landmasses joined to form a single supercontinent, Pangaea. Pangaea was surrounded by a superocean called Panthalassa . The end of the Paleozoic Era was marked by the Permian–Triassic Extinction Event , also known as “The Great Dying”.Mesozoic. Mesozoic (252-66 million years ago) means 'middle life' and this is the time of the dinosaurs. This era includes the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods, names that may be familiar to you. It ended with a massive meteorite impact that caused a mass extinction, wiping out the dinosaurs and up to 80% of life on Earth.During the early part of the Paleozoic Era (approximately 600 million to 350 million years ago), broad, relatively shallow seas repeatedly inundated the Texas Craton and much of North and West Texas. The evidence for these events is found exposed around the Llano Uplift and in far West Texas near Van Horn and El Paso, and also in the subsurface ... Silurian Period, Interval of geologic time, 443.4–419.2 million years ago, the third period of the Paleozoic Era. The Silurian follows the Ordovician Period and precedes the Devonian . It marks the first appearance of land plants and jawed fishes.The late Palaeozoic era spans from about 419 million years ago to 252 million years ago, and is subdivided into three geological periods in chronological order: the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. The late Palaeozoic is characterised by dramatic tectonic movements, global climatic changes and evolutionary novelties both in the … ….

The Cambrian Period ( /ˈkæmbri.ən, ˈkeɪm-/ KAM-bree-ən, KAYM-; sometimes symbolized Ꞓ) is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon.[5] The Cambrian lasted 53.4 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 538.8 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 ...Three tests based on fossil data indicate that high rates of extinction recorded in the penultimate (Guadalupian) stage of the Paleozoic era are not artifacts of a poor fossil record. Instead, they represent an abrupt mass extinction that was one of the largest to occur in the past half billion years. The final mass extinction of the era, which ...Pangea, supercontinent that incorporated almost all of Earth’s landmasses in early geologic time. Fully assembled by the Early Permian Epoch (some 299 million to about 273 million years ago), it began to break apart about 200 million years ago, eventually forming the modern continents and the Atlantic and Indian oceans.On the other side of the evolutionary coin, the end of the Ordovician period marked the first great mass extinction in the history of life on earth for which we have ample fossil evidence (there were certainly periodic extinctions of bacteria and single-celled life during the preceding Proterozoic Era). Plunging global temperatures, accompanied ...The term ‘Paleozoic’ has been derived from Greek words: palaiosmeaning ‘ancient’ and zoe meaning ‘life’. This era spans around 200 million years from about 542 to 252 M.A. (million years ago), and is the largest one in terms of time-span. It’s the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon, marking the beginning of life on our planet.The Paleozoic was the first of the three major eras of the Phanerozoic Eon; this is reflected in its name: paleozoic is derived from the Greek term for “ancient life.” The Paleozoic is divided into six periods.Three tests based on fossil data indicate that high rates of extinction recorded in the penultimate (Guadalupian) stage of the Paleozoic era are not artifacts of a poor fossil record. Instead, they represent an abrupt mass extinction that was one of the largest to occur in the past half billion years. The final mass extinction of the era, which ...a. The Paleozoic Era is divided into six periods which are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.Online exhibits: Geologic time scale: Paleozoic Era. The Cambrian Period. The Cambrian Period marks an important point in the history of life on Earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record. During the early part of the Paleozoic Era (approximately 600 million to 350 million years ago), broad, relatively shallow seas repeatedly inundated the Texas Craton and much of North and West Texas. The evidence for these events is found exposed around the Llano Uplift and in far West Texas near Van Horn and El Paso, and also in the subsurface ... What was the paleozoic era, The start of the Paleozoic era, between roughly 542 mya and 530 mya, is a time when a large number of body plans appears for the first time in the fossil record. This Cambrian explosion , as it is called, offers a particularly stimulating challenge for all who would attempt to explain the phenomena., This program explores the Paleozoic Era from the Cambrian time - over 600 million years ago. It looks at common fossils found in the United States and ..., Eons are divided into eras, which are further divided into periods, epochs, and ages. Geologic dating is extremely imprecise. For example, although the date listed for the beginning of the Ordovician period is 485 million years ago, it is actually 485.4 with an uncertainty (plus or minus) of 1.9 million years., Don’t worry. This isn’t an announcement of a new invasion from elsewhere, but a leap into the past in the Paleozoic: the time of giant insects, 100 million years before the dinosaurs, during ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which method is most likely used to identify what happened before the start of the Paleozoic era?, Which best describes eras and periods?, Which best explains a primary reason for the inability of life to exist in Earth's early atmosphere? and more. , The Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic Era, one of the longest of the Eras, is the oldest Era which started approximately 541 million years ago and ended about 252 million years ago. Its name means “ancient life” in Greek and it is known for the variety of life that rapidly began to appear. The Paleozoic Era can be subdivided into six geologic ..., Jun 20, 2013 · The Paleozoic Era, which ran from 541 million to 251.9 million years ago, was a time of great change on Earth. The era began with the breakup of one supercontinent and the formation of... , Oct 6, 2023 · Cambrian Period, earliest time division of the Paleozoic Era and Phanerozoic Eon, lasting from 538.8 million to 485.4 million years ago. The Cambrian System, named by English geologist Adam Sedgwick for slaty rocks in southern Wales and southwestern England, contains the earliest record of abundant and varied life-forms. , Oct 29, 2012 · Oceanic conditions and biological richness resulted in the greatest production of carbonate during the Paleozoic Era. The Devonian saw major evolutionary advancements by fishes with diversification and dominance in both marine and fresh water environments—the Devonian is also known as the “Age of Fishes.”. Jawless fish and placoderms ... , The meaning of PALEOZOIC is of, relating to, originating in, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the beginning of the Cambrian to the close of the Permian and is marked by the culmination of nearly all classes of invertebrates except the insects and in the later epochs by the appearance of terrestrial plants, amphibians, and reptiles; also : relating to the corresponding ..., The Paleozoic is divided into six periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous(in the U.S., this is divided into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods), and Permian. Most of these names derive from locations where rocks of these ages were first studied., Precambrian Era -- 4.6 BYA to 543 MYA, Paleozoic Era -- 543 MYA to 248 MYA, Silurian Period - 443 to 417 MYA, and Devonian Period - 417 to 354 MYA Of the 4 eras in Earth's timeline, which one lasted the longest When was ..., Life During the Paleozoic. The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of “old life.”. It lasted from 541 to 252 million years ago and is divided into six periods (see the Figure below ). The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. This is called the Cambrian explosion. The era ended with the biggest mass extinction the world had ever seen., The Paleozoic is divided into six periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous(in the U.S., this is divided into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods), and Permian. Most of these names derive from locations where rocks of these ages were first studied. , May 12, 2020 · Study the diagram of the geologic time scale. A time scale measured in Millions of years ago or M Y A. Cenozoic Era includes Quaternary Period, 0 to 1.6 M Y A, and Tertiary Period, 1.6 to 66.4 M Y A. Mesozoic Era includes Cretaceous Period, 66.4 to 144 M Y A, Jurassic Period, 144 to 208 M Y A, Triassic Period, 208 to 245 M Y A. Paleozoic Era includes Permian Period, 245 to 286 M Y A ... , The era lasted from 538.8 to 251.902 million years ago and was further divided into six geologic periods, namely: Cambrian Period. Ordovician Period. Silurian Period. Devonian Period. Permian Period. Carboniferous Period. Most of the incredible plants and animals that existed during the Paleozoic Era do not exist now., The Paleozoic Era · The Cambrian Period is a Geologic Time Scale period which ran from 541 million years ago to 485 million years ago. · During this time, an ..., Paleozoic. Pa·le·o·zo·ic / ˌpālēəˈzōik / • adj. Geol. of, relating to, or denoting the era between the Precambrian eon and the Mesozoic era. Formerly called primary. ∎ [as n.] (the Paleozoic) the Paleozoic era or the system of rocks deposited during it., Cambrian Case Index Geologic Time Scale. The Cambrian* Period begins the Phanerozoic Eon, the last 542 million years during which fossils with hard parts have existed. It is the first division of the Paleozoic Era (542Ma -251Ma). Marine animals with mineralized skeletons make their first appearance in the shallow seas of the Cambrian, though ..., Life During the Paleozoic. The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of “old life.” It lasted from 544 to 245 million years ago and is divided into six periods. Major events in each period of the Paleozoic Era are described in Figure below. The era began with a spectacular burst of new life. This is called the Cambrian explosion., THE LAND INVASION — Plants Edge onto Land 2 Cambrian (485-540 MYA): At the beginning of the Paleozoic Era, weird and wonderful invertebrate animals squirmed, wiggled, and swam. Land, however, was barren. No plant had, The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, lasting from 541 to ..., May 27, 2016 · The Cambrian Period is the first geological time period of the Paleozoic Era (the "time of ancient life"). This period lasted from 541 million to 485.4 million years ago, or more than 55 million ... , Africa. Africa - Paleozoic, Fossils, Geology: The Paleozoic Era consists of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods and includes two major mountain-building episodes. The continent of Africa may be said to have taken shape during the Paleozoic. A glacial period during the Ordovician is evidenced by ..., The Permian period lasted from 299 to 251 million years ago* and was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. The distinction between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic is made at the end of the Permian in recognition of the largest mass extinction recorded in the history of life on Earth. It affected many groups of organisms in many different ..., Earlier life forms were single-celled and soft-bodied, so older rocks contain few fossils. During the Paleozoic Era, beginning about 600 million years ago and ending about 230 million years ago, seawater invaded the Michigan Basin at least ten times. The cause for these repeated oscillations of sea level and the development of a series of ..., The Silurian ( / sɪˈljʊəriːən, saɪ -/ sih-LURE-ee-ən, sy-) [8] [9] [10] is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago ( Mya ), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya. [11] The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozoic Era., Whatever the cause, this biggest of the major mass extinctions ended the Paleozoic Era and ushered in the Mesozoic Era. The Fourth Major Mass Extinction: The Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction About half of the known species on Earth perished during the Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction., Instead, they have been eroded in places by relatively recent geologic activities, particularly during the Ice Age that began about two million years ago. At ..., Section 3: The Paleozoic Era. • First four-legged animals developed began. The Paleozoic Era lasted from about 540 million years ago to about 248 million years ago. During this time period of about 292 million years, shallow seas came inland several times. Sharks and other fish, along with many other kinds of animals, lived in the water., Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian. The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era (from the Greek palaios (παλαιός), "old" and zoe (ζωή) ..., Paleozoic Era. The Silurian Period. The Silurian (443.7 to 416.0 million years ago)* was a time when the Earth underwent considerable changes that had important repercussions for the environment and life within it. One result of these changes was the melting of large glacial formations. This contributed to a substantial rise in the levels of ..., Social Nonprimate Animals Henry R. Hermann Ph.D., in Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals, 2017Vertebrates As pointed out by Richard Fortey in Horseshoe Crabs and Velvet Worms, The Story of Animals and Plants that Time has Left Behind (2012), the ultimate beginnings of the line of organisms to which we belong go …